This chapter presents the results of hydro-chemical research conducted in the spring of 2013 and end of August of 2014 in the northern part of Western Siberia. The research concerns waters of small streams, medium-sized rivers, the Ob’ River, and two large thermokarst lakes. The conducted research initiated a series of efforts that examine the ecology of Siberian waters. Each year the scope of research and the number of tested basins grows. The first results concerning biogenic substances presented in this chapter lead to some interesting conclusions on the ecology of the waters and its changes, likely as a result of Increased temperatures. The described proposal is structured in the form of a thesis that aims to study 1) the mechanisms of circulation of matter and power in waters, 2) their productivity, 3) the transformations of biogenic substances, 4) the interactions between the water environment and the organisms living within, and 5) the influence of any changes on the transport of matter from Western Siberia to the Arctic Ocean.

Spring freshets of river water are responsible for more than 90% of the annual transport of matter from Western Siberia to the Arctic Ocean, which causes a decrease in water quality over time. This is mostly due increased nitrogen concentrations to levels characteristic of contaminated rivers. As nitrogen concentrations increase, phosphorus concentrations drop significantly during the spring season.

Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations change during the summer. Autumn results indicate an increase in the concentration of phosphorus compounds and a decrease in nitrogen concentrations. An increase in the effectiveness of denitrification processes may be a reason for decreased nitrogen concentrations. On the other hand, the cause for growth of phosphorus concentrations is probably accelerated mineralization of organic substances in waters and drainage areas, and increased concentrations in lakes.